Transport of magnetic flux and mass in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

It is well accepted that cold plasma sourced by Enceladus is ultimately lost to the solar wind, while the magnetic flux convecting outward with the plasma must return to the inner magnetosphere. However, whether the interchange or reconnection, or a combination of the two processes is the dominant mechanism in returning the magnetic flux is still under debate. Initial Cassini observations have shown that the magnetic flux returns in the form of flux tubes in the inner magnetosphere. Here we investigate those events with 10 year Cassini magnetometer data and confirm that their magnetic signatures are determined by the background plasma environments: inside (outside) the plasma disk, the returning magnetic field is enhanced (depressed) in strength. The distribution, temporal variation, shape, and transportation rate of the flux tubes are also characterized. The flux tubes break into smaller ones as they convect in. The shape of their cross section is closer to circular than fingerlike as produced in the simulations based on the interchange mechanism. In addition, no sudden changes in any flux tube properties can be found at the “boundary” which has been claimed to separate the reconnection and interchange-dominant regions. On the other hand, reasonable cold plasma loss rate and outflow velocity can be obtained if the transport rate of the magnetic flux matches the reconnection rate, which supports reconnection alone as the dominant mechanism in unloading the cold plasma from the inner magnetosphere and returning the magnetic flux from the tail

Spin-valve effect in a carbon atomic wire

We report a theoretical investigation of the spin-valve effect in an atomic scale system, a carbon chain, generated by the presence of a magnetic field in the device leads. We found that there exists a cutoff energy beyond which the conductance of the device vanishes. This cutoff energy can be critically controlled by the relative orientation of the magnetic fields applied to the leads, so that an atomic scale spin valve can be achieved that switches off electric current when magnetic fields of left and right leads are anti-parallel. The physical origin of this transport behavior is found to be related to the wave-function overlap between the leads and the device scattering region.published_or_final_versio

Spin pump in the presence of a superconducting lead

We present a theoretical analysis of a spin pump in the presence of a superconducting lead. The spin pump is facilitated by a rotating magnetic field which provides a spin flip mechanism and hence can generate a spin current without an accompanying charge current. Using a nonequilibrium Green's function method, we obtain a general solution of the pumped charge current and spin current in both the adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes. The numerical results for the charge current and spin current are presented as we vary different system parameters such as the gate voltage, the external magnetic field, and the pumping frequency. We find that for a quantum dot with a single resonant level in line with the Fermi energy of the left normal lead, a pure spin current is generated by a rotating magnetic field at any frequency. We have identified two kinds of photon-assisted processes which dominate at low pumping frequencies and high pumping frequencies, respectively.published_or_final_versio

Oscillatory thermopower of carbon chains: First-principles calculations

We investigate the thermoelectric transport through carbon chains connected by two Al leads. Using a Landauer-Buttiker-like formula, we calculate the thermopower and thermoconductance of Al-Cn-Al from first principles. We find that the charge transfer plays an important role in the thermoelectric transport. Because of the charge transfer, the thermopower changes sign for even-odd number of carbon atoms. The thermopower and electric conductance as a function of the gate voltage also exhibit oscillatory behaviors with a phase difference of pi/2.published_or_final_versio

Gate controlled electronic transport in monolayer MoS2 field effect transistor

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Transmission spectra and valley processing of graphene and carbon nanotube superlattices with inter-valley coupling

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Full counting statistics of conductance for disordered systems

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Effects of iron on growth, pigment content, photosystem II efficiency, and siderophores production of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii

Changes in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and photosystem II (PS II) photochemical efficiency as well as production of siderophores of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii were determined in this experiment. Results showed growths of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii, measured by means of optical density at 665 nm, were severely inhibited under an iron-limited condition, whereas they thrived under an iron-replete condition. The contents of chlorophyll-a, carotenoid, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin under an iron-limited condition were lower than those under an iron-replete condition, and they all reached maximal contents on day 4 under the iron-limited condition. PS II photochemical efficiencies (maximal PS II quantum yield), saturating light levels (I-k ) and maximal electron transport rates (ETRmax) of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii declined sharply under the iron-limited condition. The PS II photochemical efficiency and ETRmax of M. aeruginosa rose , whereas in the strain of M. wesenbergii, they declined gradually under the iron-replete condition. In addition, I-k of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii under the iron-replete condition did not change obviously. Siderophore production of M. aeruginosa was higher than that of M. wesenbergii under the iron-limited condition. It was concluded that M. aeruginosa requires higher iron concentration for physiological and biochemical processes compared with M. wesenbergii, but its tolerance against too high a concentration of iron is weaker than M. wesenbergii.Changes in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and photosystem II (PS II) photochemical efficiency as well as production of siderophores of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii were determined in this experiment. Results showed growths of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii, measured by means of optical density at 665 nm, were severely inhibited under an iron-limited condition, whereas they thrived under an iron-replete condition. The contents of chlorophyll-a, carotenoid, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin under an iron-limited condition were lower than those under an iron-replete condition, and they all reached maximal contents on day 4 under the iron-limited condition. PS II photochemical efficiencies (maximal PS II quantum yield), saturating light levels (I-k ) and maximal electron transport rates (ETRmax) of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii declined sharply under the iron-limited condition. The PS II photochemical efficiency and ETRmax of M. aeruginosa rose , whereas in the strain of M. wesenbergii, they declined gradually under the iron-replete condition. In addition, I-k of M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii under the iron-replete condition did not change obviously. Siderophore production of M. aeruginosa was higher than that of M. wesenbergii under the iron-limited condition. It was concluded that M. aeruginosa requires higher iron concentration for physiological and biochemical processes compared with M. wesenbergii, but its tolerance against too high a concentration of iron is weaker than M. wesenbergii

Anodization of nanoporous alumina on impurity-induced hemisphere curved surface of aluminum at room temperature

Nanoporous alumina which was produced by a conventional direct current anodization [DCA] process at low temperatures has received much attention in various applications such as nanomaterial synthesis, sensors, and photonics. In this article, we employed a newly developed hybrid pulse anodization [HPA] method to fabricate the nanoporous alumina on a flat and curved surface of an aluminum [Al] foil at room temperature [RT]. We fabricate the nanopores to grow on a hemisphere curved surface and characterize their behavior along the normal vectors of the hemisphere curve. In a conventional DCA approach, the structures of branched nanopores were grown on a photolithography-and-etched low-curvature curved surface with large interpore distances. However, a high-curvature hemisphere curved surface can be obtained by the HPA technique. Such a curved surface by HPA is intrinsically induced by the high-resistivity impurities in the aluminum foil and leads to branching and bending of nanopore growth via the electric field mechanism rather than the interpore distance in conventional approaches. It is noted that by the HPA technique, the Joule heat during the RT process has been significantly suppressed globally on the material, and nanopores have been grown along the normal vectors of a hemisphere curve. The curvature is much larger than that in other literatures due to different fabrication methods. In theory, the number of nanopores on the hemisphere surface is two times of the conventional flat plane, which is potentially useful for photocatalyst or other applications